Windham Portfolio Advisor
  • Windham Portfolio Advisor Support
  • Installation
    • Installing the Windham Portfolio Advisor
    • Installation Prerequisites
    • Installation FAQ
      • License Key Management
  • Time Series
  • Managing Custom Time Series
  • Custom Time Series Excel Add-in
  • Custom Time Series Utility
  • Updating the Windham Time Series Database
  • Mixing Data Periodicities within a Case File
  • Hedged and Unhedged Time Series
  • Overlays
  • Expected Risk
    • Annualizing Volatility and Return
    • Correlation
    • Covariance
    • Exponential Risk
    • Quiet and Turbulent Risk
    • Series Filter
    • Views (Risk and Correlation)
  • Expected Returns
    • Historical Returns
    • Equilibrium Returns
    • Implied Returns
    • Black-Litterman
    • Blend
    • Estimating Future Value: Arithmetic or Geometric
  • Optimization
    • Multi-goal Optimization
    • Transaction Costs and Turnover Controls
    • Risk Aversion
    • Full-Scale Optimization
  • Simulation
    • Simulation Methods
  • Exposure to Loss
    • Value at Risk
    • Probability of Loss
  • Risk Budgets
    • Risk Budgets
    • Value at Risk Sensitivities
  • Factor Analysis
    • Windham Factors
    • Factor Analysis
  • Cash Flow Analysis
    • Cash Flow Rules
    • Distribution of Wealth
    • Target Wealth Probability
  • Miscellaneous
    • Effective Tax Rates
    • Shadow Assets, Shadow Liabilities, and Illiquidity
    • Asset-liability Optimization
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  1. Expected Risk

Annualizing Volatility and Return

The WPA accounts that discrete returns are log-normally distributed.

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Last updated 4 years ago

Since discrete returns are log-normally distributed, the logarithms of one plus the discrete returns (continuous returns) are normally distributed. We can account for this property and its effects on compounding when annualizing estimates, please see

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Annualizing Volatility and Return.pdf
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Annualizing Volatility and Return